<p>Research Methodology</p><p>Research MethodologyMeaningClifford Woody Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at the last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.ImportanceTo gain familiarity or achieve new insightsTo portray accurately the characteristics of an individual, situation or groupTo determine the frequency To test a hypothesisTypes of ResearchDescriptive vs Analytical ResearchApplied vs Fundamental Quantitative vs QualitativeConceptual vs EmpiricalOne time researchSimulation researchExploratory researchHistorical researchDecision oriented Research Methods &amp; MethodologyDifferencesResearch ProcessFormulating the research problemExtensive literature surveyDevelopment of working hypothesisPreparing the research designDetermining sample design Deliberate sampling, convenience, judgmentSimple random samplingSystematic samplingContd- Stratified sampling- Quota sampling- Cluster sampling &amp; area sampling- Multi- stage samplingSequential samplingCollecting the dataBy observationPersonal interviewTelephonic interview Contd Mailing questionnaireSchedulesExecution of the projectAnalysis of the dataHypothesis testingGeneralizationReport preparationResearch ProblemIndividual or group which has a difficulty or problemSome objective to be attainedSome alternativesSome doubt in the mind of the researcherSome environmentTechnique Involved in Defining a ProblemStatement of the problem in a general wayUnderstanding the nature of the problemSurveying the available literatureDeveloping the ideas through discussions Rephrasing the research problemPoints to be observed in defining the problemTechnical terms or phrases should be clearly definedBasic assumptionsStatement of value of investigationTime frame and availability of dataScope of investigation Characteristics of HypothesisClear and preciseShould be capable of being testedState relationship between variablesMust be consistent Concepts for testing of HypothesisNull and alternative hypothesisLevel of significanceDecision rule or test of hypothesisType I &amp; type II errorsTwo-tail and one-tailed testsProcedure for hypothesis testingMaking a formal statementSelecting a significance levelDeciding the distributionSelecting a random sampleCalculating valuesComparing the probability</p>